9/20/2008
HEPATITIS
Hepatitis A
Seringkali infeksi hepatitis A pada anak-anak tidak menimbulkan gejala, sedangkan pada orang dewasa menyebabkan gejala mirip flu, rasa lelah, demam, diare, mual, nyeri perut, mata kuning dan hilangnya nafsu makan. Gejala hilang sama sekali setelah 6-12 minggu. Orang yang terinfeksi hepatitis A akan kebal terhadap penyakit tersebut. Berbeda dengan hepatitis B dan C, infeksi hepatitis A tidak berlanjut ke hepatitis kronik.
Masa inkubasi 30 hari.Penularan melalui makanan atau minuman yang terkontaminasi feces pasien, misalnya makan buah-buahan, sayur yang tidak dimasak atau makan kerang yang setengah matang. Minum dengan es batu yang prosesnya terkontaminasi.
Saat ini sudah ada vaksin hepatitis A, memberikan kekebalan selama 4 minggu setelah suntikan pertama, untuk kekebalan yang panjang diperlukan suntikan vaksin beberapa kali. Pecandu narkotika dan hubungan seks anal, termasuk homoseks merupakan risiko tinggi tertular hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B
Gejala mirip hepatitis A, mirip flu, yaitu hilangnya nafsu makan, mual, muntah, rasa lelah, mata kuning dan muntah serta demam. Penularan dapat melalui jarum suntik atau pisau yang terkontaminasi, transfusi darah dan gigitan manusia.
Pengobatan dengan interferon alfa-2b dan lamivudine, serta imunoglobulin yang mengandung antibodi terhadap hepatitis-B yang diberikan 14 hari setelah paparan.
Vaksin hepatitis B yang aman dan efektif sudah tersedia sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu. Yang merupakan risiko tertular hepatitis B adalah pecandu narkotika, orang yang mempunyai banyak pasangan seksual.
Mengenai hepatitis C akan kita bahas pada kesempatan lain.
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D Virus ( HDV ) atau virus delta adalah virus yang unik, yang tidak lengkap dan untuk replikasi memerlukan keberadaan virus hepatitis B. Penularan melalui hubungan seksual, jarum suntik dan transfusi darah. Gejala penyakit hepatitis D bervariasi, dapat muncul sebagai gejala yang ringan (ko-infeksi) atau amat progresif.
Hepatitis E
Gejala mirip hepatitis A, demam pegel linu, lelah, hilang nafsu makan dan sakit perut. Penyakit yang akan sembuh sendiri ( self-limited ), keculai bila terjadi pada kehamilan, khususnya trimester ketiga, dapat mematikan. Penularan melalui air yang terkontaminasi feces.
Hepatitis F
Baru ada sedikit kasus yang dilaporkan. Saat ini para pakar belum sepakat hepatitis F merupakan penyakit hepatitis yang terpisah.
Hepatitis G
Gejala serupa hepatitis C, seringkali infeksi bersamaan dengan hepatitis B dan/atau C. Tidak menyebabkan hepatitis fulminan ataupun hepatitis kronik. Penularan melalui transfusi darah jarum suntik. Semoga pengetahuan ini bisa berguna bagi Anda dan dapat Anda teruskan kepada saudara ataupun teman Anda.
Mencegah Kanker Hati
KANKER hati merupakan kanker yang sering dijumpai di Indonesia. Kanker ini dihubungkan dengan infeksi Hepatitis B atau Hepatitis C. Artinya pada umumnya penderita kanker hati pernah terinfeksi Hepatitis B atau C.
Penyakit Hepatitis B dan Hepatitis C sering dialami penduduk Indonesia. Kedua penyakit ini ditularkan melalui cairan tubuh. Virus Hepatitis B dan Hepatitis C dapat ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual, jarum suntik, dan transfusi darah.
Pada umumnya dewasa ini di negeri kita transfusi darah sudah aman, darah yang akan diberikan diskrining Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, dan HIV. Dengan demikian kemungkinan penularan Hepatitis dan HIV melalui transfusi darah sudah menjadi kecil. Gejala penyakit Hepatitis, virus biasanya dimulai dengan demam, pegal otot, mual, mata menjadi kuning, dan air seni berwarna kemerahan seperti air teh. Namun, tidak semua orang mengalami gejala seperti itu.
Gejala Hepatitis C biasanya lebih ringan dibandingkan dengan Hepatitis A atau B. Setelah terserang Hepatitis A pada umumnya penderita sembuh secara sempurna, tidak ada yang menjadi kronik. Hepatitis B juga sebagian besar akan sembuh dengan baik dan hanya sekitar 5-10 persen yang akan menjadi kronik. Bila hepatitis B menjadi kronik maka sebagian penderita hepatitis B kronik ini akan menjadi sirosis hati dan kanker hati.
Pada Hepatitis C penderita yang menjadi kronik jauh lebih banyak. Sebagian penderita Hepatitis C kronik akan menjadi sirosis hati dan kanker hati. Hanya sebagian kecil saja penderita Hepatitis B yang berkembang menjadi kanker hati. Begitu pula pada penderita Hepatitis C hanya sebagian yang menjadi kanker hati. Biasanya diperlukan waktu 17 sampai dengan 20 tahun seorang yang menderita Hepatitis C untuk berkembang menjadi sirosis hati atau kanker hati.
Sekarang memang ada obat baru untuk Hepatitis B yang disebut lamivudin. Obat ini berupa tablet yang dimakan sekali sehari. Sedangkan jika diperlukan pengobatan untuk Hepatitis C tersedia obat Interferon (suntikan) dan Ribavirin (kapsul). Namun penggunaan obat-obat tersebut memerlukan pengawasan dokter.
Hasil pemeriksaan darah yang menunjukkan anti HBs positif berarti Anda pernah terinfeksi virus Hepatitis B, namun virus tersebut sudah tidak ada lagi dalam darah Anda (HbsAg negatif). Itu bahkan menunjukkan bahwa Anda sekarang sudah mempunyai kekebalan terhadap Hepatitis B (anti HBs positif). Karena itu selama kadar antibodi anti HBs Anda tinggi, maka Anda tak perlu lagi divaksinasi. Imunisasi Hepatitis B dapat dimulai sejak bayi.
Anti HCV negatif artinya Anda belum pernah terinfeksi Hepatitis C. Sampai sekarang ini belum ada vaksin untuk Hepatitis C sehingga Anda dianjurkan agar berhati-hati sehingga tidak tertular Hepatitis C. Jadi hindari kontak dengan cairan tubuh orang lain. Salah satu cara yang efektif untuk menurunkan kekerapan kanker hati adalah dengan imunisasi Hepatitis B. Ini telah dibuktikan di banyak negara. Ternyata, negara-negara yang mempunyai program imunisasi Hepatitis B yang baik kekerapan kanker hati menurun dengan nyata. Mudah-mudahan masyarakat kitapun peduli terhadap imunisasi Hepatitis B ini.
LEPTOSPIRA
Leptospirosis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Leptospira berbentuk spiral yang menyerang hewan dan manusia dan dapat hidup di air tawar selama lebih kurang 1 bulan. Tetapi dalam air laut, selokan dan air kemih yang tidak diencerkan akan cepat mati.
Sumber Penularan
Hewan yang menjadi sumber penularan adalah tikus (rodent), babi, kambing, domba, kuda, anjing, kucing, serangga, burung, kelelawar, tupai dan landak. Sedangkan penularan langsung dari manusia ke manusia jarang terjadi.
Cara Penularan
Manusia terinfeksi leptospira melalui kontak dengan air, tanah atau tanaman yang telah dikotori oleh air seni hewan yang menderita leptospirosis. Bakteri masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui selaput lendir (mukosa) mata, hidung, kulit yang lecet atau atau makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh urine hewan terinfeksi leptospira. Masa inkubasi selama 4 - 19 hari.
Gejala Klinis
Stadium Pertama
? Demam menggigil
? Sakit kepala
? Malaise
? Muntah
? Konjungtivitis
? Rasa nyeri otot betis dan punggung
? Gejala-gejala diatas akan tampak antara 4-9 hari
Gejala yang Kharakteristik
? Konjungtivitis tanpa disertai eksudat serous/porulen (kemerahan pada mata)
? Rasa nyeri pada otot-otot Stadium Kedua
? Terbentuk anti bodi di dalam tubuh penderita
? Gejala yang timbul lebih bervariasi dibandingkan dengan stadium pertama
? Apabila demam dengan gejala-gejala lain timbul kemungkinan akan terjadi meningitis.
? Stadium ini terjadi biasanya antara minggu kedua dan keempat.
Komplikasi Leptospirosis
Pada hati : kekuningan yang terjadi pada hari ke 4 dan ke 6
Pada ginjal : gagal ginjal yang dapat menyebabkan kematian.
Pada jantung : berdebar tidak teratur, jantung membengkak dan gagal jantung yang dapat mengikabatkan kematian mendadak.
Pada paru-paru : batuk darah, nyeri dada, sesak nafas.
Perdarahan karena adanya kerusakan pembuluh darah dari saluran pernafasan, saluran pencernaan, ginjal, saluran genitalia, dan mata (konjungtiva).
Pada kehamilan : keguguran, prematur, bayi lahir cacat dan lahir mati.
Pencegahan
Membiasakan diri dengan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS)
Menyimpan makanan dan minuman dengan baik agar terhindar dari tikus.
Mencucui tangan dengan sabun sebelum makan.
Mencucui tangan, kaki serta bagian tubuh lainnya dengan sabun setelah bekerja di sawah/ kebun/sampah/tanah/selokan dan tempat-tempat yang tercemar lainnya.
Melindungi pekerja yang berisiko tinggi terhadap leptospirosis (petugas kebersihan, petani, petugas pemotong hewan, dan lain-lain) dengan menggunakan sepatu bot dan sarung tangan.
Menjaga kebersihan lingkungan
Membersihkan tempat-tempat air dan kolam renang.
Menghindari adanya tikus di dalam rumah/gedung.
Menghindari pencemaran oleh tikus.
Melakukan desinfeksi terhadap tempat-tempat tertentu yang tercemar oleh tikus
Meningkatkan penangkapan tikus.
Pengobatan
Pengobatan dini sangat menolong karena bakteri Leptospira mudah mati dengan antibiotik yang banyak di jumpai di pasar seperti Penicillin dan turunannya (Amoxylline)
Streptomycine, Tetracycline, Erithtromycine.
Bila terjadi komplikasi angka lematian dapat mencapai 20%.
Segera berobat ke dokter terdekat.
ABOUT PNEUMONIA
Pnemonia adalah proses infeksi akut yang mengenai jaringan paru-paru (alveoli). Terjadinya pnemonia pada anak seringkali bersamaan dengan proses infeksi akut pada bronkus (biasa disebut bronchopneumonia). Gejala penyakit ini berupa napas cepat dan napas sesak, karena paru meradang secara mendadak. Batas napas cepat adalah frekuensi pernapasan sebanyak 50 kali per menit atau lebih pada anak usia 2 bulan sampai kurang dari 1 tahun, dan 40 kali permenit atau lebih pada anak usia 1 tahun sampai kurang dari 5 tahun. Pada anak dibawah usia 2 bulan, tidak dikenal diagnosis pnemonia.
Pneumonia Berat ditandai dengan adanya batuk atau (juga disertai) kesukaran bernapas, napas sesak atau penarikan dinding dada sebelah bawah ke dalam (severe chest indrawing) pada anak usia 2 bulan sampai kurang dari 5 tahun. Pada kelompok usia ini dikenal juga Pnemonia sangat berat, dengan gejala batuk, kesukaran bernapas disertai gejala sianosis sentral dan tidak dapat minum. Sementara untuk anak dibawah 2 bulan, pnemonia berat ditandai dengan frekuensi pernapasan sebanyak 60 kali permenit atau lebih atau (juga disertai) penarikan kuat pada dinding dada sebelah bawah ke dalam.
Penanggulangan penyakit Pnemonia menjadi fokus kegiatan program P2ISPA (Pemberantasan Penyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut). Program ini mengupayakan agar istilah Pnemonia lebih dikenal masyarakat, sehingga memudahkan kegiatan penyuluhan dan penyebaran informasi tentang penanggulangan Pnemonia.
Program P2ISPA mengklasifikasikan penderita kedalam 2 kelompok usia:
Usia dibawah 2 bulan (Pnemonia Berat dan Bukan Pnemonia)
Usia 2 bulan sampai kurang dari 5 tahun (2 bulan - Pnemonia, Pnemonia Berat dan Bukan Pnemonia )
Klasifikasi Bukan-pnemonia mencakup kelompok balita penderita batuk yang tidak menunjukkan gejala peningkatan frekuensi nafas dan tidak menunjukkan adanya penarikan dinding dada bagian bawah ke dalam. Penyakit ISPA diluar pnemonia ini antara lain: batuk-pilek biasa (common cold), pharyngitis, tonsilitis dan otitis. Pharyngitis, tonsilitis dan otitis, tidak termasuk penyakit yang tercakup dalam program ini.
Pneumonia merupakan masalah kesehatan di dunia karena angka kematiannya tinggi, tidak saja dinegara berkembang, tapi juga di negara maju seperti AS, Kanada dan negara-negara Eropah. Di AS misalnya, terdapat dua juta sampai tiga juta kasus pneumonia per tahun dengan jumlah kematian rata-rata 45.000 orang.
Di Indonesia, pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian nomor tiga setelah kardiovaskuler dan tuberkulosis. Faktor sosial ekonomi yang rendah mempertinggi angka kematian. Gejala Pneumonia adalah demam, sesak napas, napas dan nadi cepat, dahak berwarna kehijauan atau seperti karet, serta gambaran hasil ronsen memperlihatkan kepadatan pada bagian paru
Kepadatan terjadi karena paru dipenuhi sel radang dan cairan yang sebenarnya merupakan reaksi tubuh untuk mematikan luman. Tapi akibatnya fungsi paru terganggu, penderita mengalami kesulitan bernapas, karena tak tersisa ruang untuk oksigen. Pneumonia yang ada di masyarakat umumnya, disebabkan oleh bakteri, virus atau mikoplasma ( bentuk peralihan antara bakteri dan virus ). Bakteri yang umum adalah streptococcus Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella Sp, Pseudomonas sp,vIrus misalnya virus influensa.
Mengobati Pneumonia
Anda mengalami tanda-tanda penumonia ?, Jangan khawatir, kesempatan sembuh masih amat besar dengan syarat-syarat berikut ini; usia masih muda, dideteksi sejak dini, sistem kekebalan tubuh bekerja dengan baik, infeksi belum menyebar, dan tidak ada infeksi lain.
Pengobatan awal biasanya adalah antibiotik, yang cukup manjur mengatasi penumonia oleh bakteri, mikoplasma dan beberapa kasus rickettsia.
Untuk pneumonia oleh virus sampai saat ini belum ada panduan khusus, meski beberapa obat antivirus telah digunakan. Kebanyakan pasien juga bisa diobati dirumah. Biasanya dokter yang menangani peneumonia akan memilihkan obat sesuai pertimbangan masing-masing, setelah suhu pasien kembali normal, dokter akan menginstruksikan pengobatan lanjutan untuk mencegah kekambuhan. Soalnya, seranganberikutnya bisa lebih berat dibanding yang pertama. Selain antibiotika, pasien juga akan mendapat pengobatan tambahan berupa pengaturan pola makan dan oksigen untuk meningkatkan jumlah oksigen dalam darah.
Pada pasien yang berusia pertengahan, diperlukan istirahat lebih panjang untuk mengembvalikan kondisi tubuh. Namun, mereka yang sudah sembuh dari dari pneumonia mikoplasma akan letih lesu dalam waktu yang panjang. Secara rutin, pasien yang sudah sembuh dari pneumonia jangan dilarang kembali melakukan aktifitasnya. Namun mereka perlu diingatkan untuk tidak langsung melakukan yang berat-berat. Soalnya, istirahat cukup merupakan kunci untuk kembali sehat.
Untuk menangani pernapasan akut parah ( Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom/SARS) yang masih misterius, organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menganjurkan para petugas kesehatan untuk menerapkan Universal Precautions. Artinya, mereka harus mengenakan sarung tangan, masker, sepatu boot dan jas yang melindungi seluruh tubuh dari kontak langsung dengan penderita. Buat penderitanya juga dianjurkan untuk mengenakan masker dan pelindung lain sampai SARS-nya ditanggulangi. Pasien yang dicurigai atau kemungkinan besar terkena SARS harus diisolasi. Ruang perawatannya harus bertekanan rendah dengan pintu tertutup rapat, tidak sharing dengan pasien lain ( termasuk dengan pasien sindrom serupa ) dan punya fasilitas kamar mandi dan kloset sendiri.
Semua peralatan yang digunakan sebaiknya sekali pakai dan ruangan dibersihkan dengan menggunakan desinfektans yang mengandung antibakteri, antivirus dan antijamur. Pasien sebaiknya dijaga tidak banyak bergerak. Pasien maupun para petugas kesehatan yang menangani dianjurkan untuk selalu mencuci tangan dengan sabun untuk menghindari penyebaran. Karena antibiotika berspekturm luas tidak menunjukkan efektifitas menangani SARS, WHO lebih menganjurkan untuk memanfaatkan suntikan intravena ribavirin dan steroid untuk menstabilkan kondisi pasien yang sudah kritis.
FLU SINGAPURA
Penyakit KTM ini adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus RNA yang masuk dalam famili Picornaviridae (Pico, Spanyol = kecil ), Genus Enterovirus ( non Polio ). Genus yang lain adalah Rhinovirus, Cardiovirus, Apthovirus. Didalam Genus enterovirus terdiri dari Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus dan Enterovirus.
Penyebab KTM yang paling sering pada pasien rawat jalan adalah Coxsackie A16, sedangkan yang sering memerlukan perawatan karena keadaannya lebih berat atau ada komplikasi sampai meninggal adalah Enterovirus 71. Berbagai enterovirus dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit.
EPIDEMIOLOGI:
Penyakit ini sangat menular dan sering terjadi dalam musim panas. KTM adalah penyakit umum/?biasa? pada kelompok masyarakat yang ?crowded? dan menyerang anak-anak usia 2 minggu sampai 5 tahun ( kadang sampai 10 tahun ).
Orang dewasa umumnya kebal terhadap enterovirus. Penularannya melalui kontak langsung dari orang ke orang yaitu melalui droplet, pilek, air liur (oro-oro), tinja, cairan dari vesikel atau ekskreta. Penularan kontak tidak langsung melalui barang, handuk, baju, peralatan makanan, dan mainan yang terkontaminasi oleh sekresi itu. Tidak ada vektor tetapi ada pembawa (?carrier?) seperti lalat dan kecoa. Penyakit KTM ini mempunyai imunitas spesifik, namun anak dapat terkena KTM lagi oleh virus strain Enterovirus lainnya. Masa Inkubasi 2 ? 5 hari.
GAMBARAN KLINIK :
Mula-mula demam tidak tinggi 2-3 hari, diikuti sakit leher (pharingitis), tidak ada nafsu makan, pilek, gejala seperti ?flu? pada umumnya yang tak mematikan. Timbul vesikel yang kemudian pecah, ada 3-10 ulcus dumulut seperti sariawan ( lidah, gusi, pipi sebelah dalam ) terasa nyeri sehingga sukar untuk menelan.
Bersamaan dengan itu timbul rash/ruam atau vesikel (lepuh kemerahan/blister yang kecil dan rata), papulovesikel yang tidak gatal ditelapak tangan dan kaki.
Kadang-kadang rash/ruam (makulopapel) ada dibokong. Penyakit ini membaik sendiri dalam 7-10 hari.
Bila ada muntah, diare atau dehidrasi dan lemah atau komplikasi lain maka penderita tersebut harus dirawat. Pada bayi/anak-anak muda yang timbul gejala berat , harus dirujuk kerumah sakit sebagai berikut :
o Hiperpireksia ( suhu lebih dari 39 der. C).
o Demam tidak turun-turun (?Prolonged Fever?)
o Tachicardia.
o Tachypneu
o Malas makan, muntah atau diare dengan dehidrasi.
o Lethargi
o Nyeri pada leher,lengan dan kaki.
o Serta kejang-kejang.
Komplikasi penyakit ini adalah :
o Meningitis (aseptic meningitis, meningitis serosa/non bakterial)
o Encephalitis ( bulbar )
o Myocarditis (Coxsackie Virus Carditis) atau pericarditis
o Paralisis akut flaksid (?Polio-like illness? )
Satu kelompok dengan penyakit ini adalah :
1. Vesicular stomatitis dengan exanthem (KTM) - Cox A 16, EV 71 (Penyakit ini)
2. Vesicular Pharyngitis (Herpangina) - EV 70
3. Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis - Cox A 10
Warning signs of fatty liver disease
As fatty liver disease worsens, these symptoms can appear:
- Chronic fatigue or weakness.
- Abdominal discomfort, such as cramping or nausea.
- Confusion or difficulty thinking.
- Bruising or bleeding easily, including nosebleeds.
- Reduced appetite and weight loss.
Those tests can miss problems, however. The most reliable one is a biopsy, in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the liver and studied under a microscope.
To stop or prevent fatty liver disease, patients should:
- Exercise and eat a balanced diet to lose weight slowly but steadily.
- Control diabetes and cholesterol with medication and diet.
- Get vaccinated against hepatitis to prevent further injury to the liver.
- Avoid alcohol, drugs and supplements that can damage the liver.
- Have a liver specialist oversee your care.
- Avoid raw oysters and shellfish, which can harbor bacteria very dangerous to people with advanced liver disease.
Heavy teens run risk of severe liver damage
Many more may need a new liver by their 30s or 40s, say experts warning that pediatricians need to be more vigilant. The condition, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure or liver cancer, is being seen in kids in the United States, Europe, Australia and even some developing countries, according to a surge of recent medical studies and doctors interviewed by The Associated Press.
The American Liver Foundation and other experts estimate 2 percent to 5 percent of American children over age 5, nearly all of them obese or overweight, have the condition, called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease."It's clearly the most common cause of liver disease," said Dr. Ronald Sokol, head of public policy at the liver foundation and a liver specialist at Children's Hospital and University of Colorado Denver.
Few given necessary test
Some experts think as many as 10 percent of all children and half of those who are obese may suffer from it, but note that few are given the simple blood test that can signal its presence. A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose this disease.
Liquid milk found to be tainted in China
18 now in custody; fourth child dies, more than 6,200 babies sick
China's tainted product crisis has extended to liquid milk, the nation's watchdog agency said Friday, as Starbucks dumped a supplier in China.The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine said milk sold in liquid form by three leading Chinese dairies is contaminated with melamine, the industrial chemical that as been linked to the deaths of four infants and illnesses in 6,200 others.
A report posted Friday on the agency's Web site says test results showed nearly 10 percent of samples taken from Mengniu Dairy Group Co. and Yili Industrial Group Co. — China's two largest dairy companies — contained up to 8.4 milligrams of melamine per kilogram.
Starbucks Corp. said its 300 cafes in mainland China had pulled milk supplied by Mengniu. It said no one had fallen ill from the milk.
The recalls come as evidence is mounting that adding chemicals to watered-down milk was a widespread practice in China's dairy industry.
Powder pulled in July
Meanwhile, the company at the heart of the tainted milk scandal ordered distributors to pull its products off store shelves in early July, weeks before it went public with the problem, two distributors said Friday.
The statements by the distributors in Hebei province, where Sanlu Group Co. is headquartered, raise further questions about when the company and government knew that milk powder being feed to babies was tainted with melamine, a banned industrial chemical. A New Zealand stakeholder in Sanlu has said it was told in early August, before the start of the Beijing Olympics, that there was a problem.
The public was not told until Sept. 11 — after its New Zealand stakeholder told the New Zealand government, which then informed the Chinese government — that the powder, used in baby formula and other products, contained the chemical melamine. The milk is blamed for four infant deaths and the illnesses of 6,200 others.
"We were asked by Sanlu to take all their 2007 to July 2008 baby powder off the shelves in early July" and replace it with new powder, said one of the distributors, Zhang Youqiang.
"Then things got weird. In early August, they came to us again and said all the new Sanlu baby milk powder we had just put on the shelves did not pass 'qualified aviation standards,'" said Zhang, who declined to give his company name for fear of offending Sanlu. Zhang said he was never told what qualified aviation standards meant.
Zhang said he now has warehouses full of contaminated milk powder and is trying to get refunds from Sanlu.
Phone calls to Sanlu rang unanswered Friday and its Web site was not working. China's quality watchdog did not respond after asking that questions be faxed to it.
Acetaminophen may raise asthma risk in kids
The findings were published in the journal Lancet together with two other studies, which found that runny noses and wheezing early on in life may be strong predictors of asthma.
In the first study, researchers pored through data provided by parents of more than 205,000 children and found acetaminophen use in the first year of life was associated with a 46 percent higher risk of asthma by the time the children were 6 or 7 compared to those never exposed to the drug.
In the United States acetaminophen is widely sold under the brand Tylenol and is used to relieve fever, minor aches and pain. It is used in a liquid suspension for children.Medium use of acetaminophen in the past 12 months increased asthma risk by 61 percent, while high dosages of once a month or more in the past year raised the risk by over three times.
Medium use was defined as once per year or more, but less than once a month.
Suspicions of a possible link between acetaminophen and asthma emerged in recent years when experts observed an increased use of the drug to a simultaneous rise in asthma prevalence worldwide.
One theory is that acetaminophen reduces antioxidants in the body. Some experts think antioxidants, which stop unstable molecules known as free radicals from doing too much damage, can lower the risk of cancer, heart disease and other ailments.
"Acetaminophen can reduce antioxidant levels and ... that can give oxidative stress in the lungs and cause asthma," one of the researchers, Richard Beasley at the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, told Reuters in a telephone interview.
As with asthma, monthly use of acetaminophen doubled the risk of eczema and trebled that of rhinoconjunctivitis — repetitive sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and hay fever — by the time children were 6 or 7, the study found.
Remains drug of choice
However, the researchers stressed acetaminophen should remain the preferred drug to relieve pain and fever in children because its alternative, aspirin, was linked to the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious complication in children.
"The findings do lend support to the current guidelines of the World Health Organization, which recommend that acetaminophen should not be used routinely, but should be reserved for children with a high fever (38.5 Celsius or above)," they wrote.
Another study in The Lancet found that rhinitis, or hay fever and other allergic reactions causing a runny nose, was a strong predictor of asthma that develops in adulthood.
Researchers monitored 6,461 people in 14 countries who were free of asthma at the start of study for more than 8 years.
Those who suffered rhinitis and were allergic to an assortment of agents like house dust mites, cat, grass and birch were 3.5 times more likely to develop asthma later on compared to those who suffered no allergies nor rhinitis.
The third study in Arizona in the United States found wheezing early in life may be an ominous sign of asthma developing in adulthood.
sumber :msnbc.msn.com
Flat Iron Babyliss Ceramic

My review Product (just Try)
Costumer Review, I like it!
I'm Wearing a Ponytail Again!
My hair didn’t have that fly away look, but rather laid flat down straight. I think this is the straightest my hair has been since the days when we actually used a regular iron, laying our hair on the ironing board and pressing it straight. Anyone else remember doing that?
While this was an inexpensive iron and I’ve never used any other iron to compare it to, I am very happy with the results I’ve gotten. I love to wear my hair in a ponytail, especially while I’m caring for the children or doing my workout, but haven’t liked the way that it looked…sort of frizzed out and poofy, but after straightening it and putting it up in the ponytail holder I had a nice straight smooth looking ponytail.
I would recommend this straightening iron to anyone who wants their hair smooth and straight without spending a fortune to get it that way.
Melamine in milk powder that killed 1 infant, sickened hundreds
China's investigation of the tainted milk powder that sickened hundreds of babies widened to its dairy-producing regions on Sunday, as officials attempted to track down the source of melamine in the milk.
One baby died and over 400 developed kidney problems after drinking formula made from milk powder sold by Sanlu Group, one of China's largest milk powder producers that is partly owned by New Zealand's Fonterra Co-operative Group.
Farmers or dealers supplying milk to Sanlu may have diluted it with water and then added melamine, a substance used in plastics, fertilizers and cleaning products, to make the milk's protein level appear higher than it actually was.
Teams traveled to Hebei, Guangdong, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, the biggest dairy-producing regions, to reinforce local governments, ensure dairy inspections were fully carried out, and check milk powder already in circulation, said the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine."The teams' primary mission is to underscore the priority the central government has given to the case," said the notice, posted on AQSIQ's website www.aqsiq.gov.cn on Sunday.
A Chinese health official, Gao Qiang, vowed on Saturday to bring food quality supervision to a "new level" after the scandal, which was first reported last week.
Sanlu admitted that its baby formula had been contaminated with melamine, which linked to deaths and illness of thousands of pets in the United States last year after it was added to pet food components exported from China.
It has stopped production of the milk powder and recalled products made before August 6.
In Taiwan, authorities have sealed all Sanlu milk powder products that have yet to be distributed to retailers, after China's Taiwan Affairs Office said Sanlu had exported 25 tonnes of the milk powder to Taiwan in June.
"We've taken all the Sanlu milk powder off the shelves at stores," said Wang Cheng-huei, a deputy director-general of the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection at Taiwan's economics ministry.
sumber : msncb.mns.com
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is an immune-complex?mediated hypersensitivity complex that is a severe expression of erythema multiforme. It is now known also as erythema multiforme major. SJS typically involves the skin and the mucous membranes. While minor presentations may occur, significant involvement of oral, nasal, eye, vaginal, urethral, GI, and lower respiratory tract mucous membranes may develop in the course of the illness. GI and respiratory involvement may progress to necrosis. SJS is a serious systemic disorder with the potential for severe morbidity and even death.
Pathophysiology:
SJS is an immune-complex?mediated hypersensitivity disorder that may be caused by many drugs, viral infections, and malignancies. Cocaine recently has been added to the list of drugs capable of producing the syndrome. In up to half of cases, no specific etiology has been identified.
Frequency:
In the US: Cases tend to have a propensity for the early spring and winter.
Internationally: SJS occurs with a worldwide distribution similar in etiology and occurrence to that in the US.
Mortality/Morbidity:
Patients with severe SJS die in 3-15% of cases.
Lesions may continue to erupt in crops for as long as 2-3 weeks. Mucosal pseudomembrane formation may lead to mucosal scarring and loss of function of the involved organ system. Esophageal strictures may occur when extensive involvement of the esophagus exists. Mucosal shedding in the tracheobronchial tree may lead to respiratory failure.
Ocular sequelae may include corneal ulceration and anterior uveitis. Blindness may develop secondary to severe keratitis or panophthalmitis in 3-10% of patients. Vaginal stenosis and penile scarring have been reported. Renal complications are rare.
Race: A Caucasian predominance has been reported.
Sex: Male-to-female ratio is 2:1.
Age: Most patients are in the second to fourth decade of their lives; however, cases have been reported in children as young as 3 months.
CLINICAL :
History:
Typically, the disease process begins with a nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection.
This usually is part of a 1- to 14-day prodrome during which fever, sore throat, chills, headache, and malaise may be present.
Vomiting and diarrhea occasionally are noted as part of the prodrome.
Mucocutaneous lesions develop abruptly. Clusters of outbreaks last from 2-4 weeks. The lesions typically are nonpruritic.
A history of fever or localized worsening should suggest a superimposed infection; however, fever has been reported to occur in up to 85% of cases.
Involvement of oral and/or mucous membranes may be severe enough that patients may not be able to eat or drink.
Patients with genitourinary involvement may complain of dysuria or an inability to void.
A history of a previous outbreak of SJS or of erythema multiforme may be elicited. Recurrences may occur if the responsible agent is not eliminated or if the patient is reexposed.
Typical symptoms are as follows:
Cough productive of a thick purulent sputum
Headache
Malaise
Arthralgia
Physical:
The rash can begin as macules that develop into papules, vesicles, bullae, urticarial plaques, or confluent erythema.
The center of these lesions may be vesicular, purpuric, or necrotic.
The typical lesion has the appearance of a target. The target is considered pathognomonic.
Lesions may become bullous and later rupture, leaving denuded skin. The skin becomes susceptible to secondary infection.
Urticarial lesions typically are not pruritic.
Infection may be responsible for the scarring associated with morbidity.
Although lesions may occur anywhere, the palms, soles, dorsum of hands, and extensor surfaces are most commonly affected.
The rash may be confined to any one area of the body, most often the trunk.
Mucosal involvement may include erythema, edema, sloughing, blistering, ulceration, and necrosis.
The following signs may be noted on examination:
Fever
Orthostasis
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Altered level of consciousness
Epistaxis
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulcerations
Erosive vulvovaginitis or balanitis
Seizures
Coma
Causes:
Drugs and malignancies most often are implicated as the etiology in adults and the elderly.
Pediatric cases are related more often to infections than to malignancy or a reaction to a drug.
A medication such as sulfa, phenytoin, or penicillin had previously been prescribed to more than two thirds of all patients with SJS.
More than half of the patients with SJS report a recent upper respiratory tract infection.
The 4 etiologic categories are (1) infectious, (2) drug-induced, (3) malignancy-related, and (4) idiopathic.
Infectious diseases that have been reported include herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza, mumps, cat-scratch fever, mycoplasmal infection, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), histoplasmosis, and cholera.
In children, Epstein-Barr virus and enteroviruses have been identified.
Drug etiologies include penicillins, sulfas, phenytoin (and related anticonvulsants), carbamazepine, and barbiturates. In late 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the manufacturer Pharmacia noted that SJS had been reported in patients taking the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor valdecoxib.
Various carcinomas and lymphomas have been associated.
SJS is idiopathic in 25-50% of cases.
DIFFERENTIALS :
Burns, Chemical
Burns, Ocular
Burns, Thermal
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
Erythema Multiforme
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Other Problems to be Considered:
Acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis
Pemphigus
WORKUP :
Lab Studies:
No laboratory studies (other than biopsy) exist that can aid the physician in establishing the diagnosis.
A complete blood count (CBC) may reveal a normal white blood cell (WBC) count or a nonspecific leukocytosis. A severely elevated WBC count indicates the possibility of a superimposed bacterial infection.
Determine renal function and evaluate urine for blood.
Electrolytes and other chemistries may be needed to help manage related problems.
Cultures of blood, urine, and wounds are indicated when an infection is clinically suspected.
Imaging Studies:
Chest radiograph may indicate the existence of a pneumonitis when clinically suspected. Otherwise, routine plain films are not indicated.
Other Tests:
Skin biopsy is the definitive diagnostic study but is not an ED procedure.
Skin biopsy demonstrates that the bullae are subepidermal.
Epidermal cell necrosis may be noted.
Perivascular areas are infiltrated with lymphocytes.
TREATMENT :
Prehospital Care: Paramedics should recognize the presence of severe fluid loss and should treat patients with SJS as they would patients with thermal burns.
Emergency Department Care: Most cases present early and prior to obvious signs of hemodynamic compromise. Perhaps the single most important role for the ED physician is to detect SJS early and initiate the appropriate ED and inpatient management.
Care in the ED must be directed to fluid replacement and electrolyte correction.
Skin lesions are treated as burns.
Patients with SJS then should be treated with special attention to airway and hemodynamic stability, fluid status, wound/burn care, and pain control.
Treatment of SJS is primarily supportive and symptomatic.
Manage oral lesions with mouthwashes.
Topical anesthetics are useful in reducing pain and allowing the patient to take in fluids.
Areas of denuded skin must be covered with compresses of saline or Burow solution.
Underlying diseases and secondary infections must be identified and treated. Offending drugs must be stopped.
The use of systemic steroids is controversial. Some authors believe that they are contraindicated. Treatment with systemic steroids has been associated with an increased incidence of complications.
Address tetanus prophylaxis.
Consultations:
Consultants may help establish the diagnosis and direct inpatient care. A dermatologist is the most likely clinician to establish the diagnosis, with or without biopsy.
Severe cases may require the involvement of a burn specialist or plastic surgery specialist.
Internal medicine, critical care, or pediatrics consultants direct inpatient care.
Ophthalmology consultation is mandatory for those with ocular involvement.
Depending on organ system involvement, consultations with gastroenterology, pulmonary, and nephrology may be helpful.
MEDICATION :
No specific drug treatment exists for SJS. The choice of antibiotic depends on the associated infection. The use of systemic corticosteroids is controversial. They are useful in high doses early in the reaction, but morbidity and mortality actually may increase in association with corticosteroid use.
FOLLOW-UP :
Further Inpatient Care:
Saline compresses may be applied to the eyelids, lips, and nose.
Careful daily inspection is necessary to monitor for secondary superinfections.
Prophylactic systemic antibiotics are not useful, especially in the current era of multiple-drug resistance.
Antimicrobials are indicated in cases of urinary tract or cutaneous infections, either of which may lead to bacteremia.
Further Outpatient Care:
Although patients with erythema multiforme minor may be treated as outpatients with topical steroids, those with erythema multiforme major (ie, SJS) must be hospitalized.
Cases of erythema multiforme minor must be followed closely. Some authors recommend daily follow-up.
Transfer:
Patients with SJS are often critically ill; therefore, they must be admitted to hospitals capable of delivering critical care.
Some patients may require the services of a burn unit.
Transfer criteria would be the same as for patients with thermal burns.
Deterrence/Prevention:
Patients must avoid any future exposure to agent(s) implicated in the occurrence of SJS. Recurrences are possible.
Complications:
Ophthalmologic - Corneal ulceration, anterior uveitis, panophthalmitis, blindness
Gastroenterologic - Esophageal strictures
Genitourinary - Renal tubular necrosis, renal failure, penile scarring, vaginal stenosis
Pulmonary - Tracheobronchial shedding with resultant respiratory failure
Cutaneous - Scarring and cosmetic deformity, recurrences of infection through slow-healing ulcerations
Prognosis:
Individual lesions typically should heal within 1-2 weeks, unless secondary infection occurs. The majority of patients recover without sequelae.
Development of serious sequelae, such as respiratory failure, renal failure, and blindness, determines prognosis in those affected.
Up to 15% of all patients with SJS die as a result of the condition.
MISCELLANEOUS:
Medical/Legal Pitfalls:
The gravity of the diagnosis must be recognized. Because patients with SJS who present early in the development of the disease may not yet be critically ill, the clinician may misdiagnose and discharge. SJS should be considered in all patients with target lesions and mucous membrane involvement.
Provide close follow-up and clear instructions.
When discharging a patient home, clearly document the degree (%) of skin involvement, the absence of mucous membrane lesions, and any clinical signs of toxicity.
sumber:infeksi.com
9/10/2008
Make Anime Doll
Rurouni Kenshin dollHimura Kenshin mini doll. 5 inches.
Iron print face, felt hair, cotton kimono and hakama, felt zouri and paper katana.
This is a reference.
Transfer
You need edit images.
There are many applications. I cannot explain how to use.
You cannot use the images drawn by other people when you make dolls for profit.
- Load an image in an application software.
- Erase hair.
- Lighten the outline of the face.
- Paint background with color of skin. It needs twice the width.
- Print out it on 'iron transfer paper' in mirror image.
- Transfer it on white cotton jersey.
Editing the image.

Printed cloth.
Face
Transferred cloth is hard and crackable. Handle it gently.
- Fold the cloth and sew the outline. It needs thickness, so larger than real outline.
- Cut and turn inside out.
- Stuff polyester fiberfill.
- Stitch the opening.
Body
- Sew the body and the arms with jersey.
- Sew legs with color broadcloth.
- Cut and turn inside out.
- Stuff polyester fiberfill.
- Stitch the legs to the body.
- Stitch the head to the neck.
- Stitch the arms to the body.
Okey, now you make a kenshin doll, you can make a another doll anime like inuyasha, naruto etc with my tricks. Good Luck!!
Sumber : dollmaker.com



